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How LLMs get their probabilities for the next token

(este post es una explicación de la teoría. dejo aquí otro post con el detalle práctico de como usar la temperature, top_k y top_p a efectos prácticos)

Explicación más en detalle de cómo obtienen los LLMs las probabilidades para generar el siguiente token

Sampling

En cada posición el modelo tiene una bolsa con miles de tokens posibles. Sampling es el proceso de no coger siempre el token más probable, si no de orientarlo a coger respuestas con determinadas características.

Si el modelo escogiera siempre el token con más probabilidades, obtendríamos respuestas aburridas y repetitivas.

Logits

Para generar el siguiente token, una red neuronal calcula primero los vectores de logits, donde cada logit corresponde a un valor posible. El tamaño de estos vectores de logits es tan grande como el vocabulario completo del modelo.

(representación de vectores de logits)

flowchart LR
	N1["What's your favorite color?"]:::note --> Z
	Z --> A1 --> A
	Z --> B1 --> B
	Z --> C1 --> C
	Z --> D1 --> D
	
	Z["Neural network"]
    A["a"]
    A1["(-0.5)"]
    B["green"]
    B1["(0.7)"]
    C["red"]
    C1["(0.5)"]
    D["the"]
    D1["(-1.2)"]
    
    classDef note fill:none,stroke:none,color:#777;    

Los logits NO representan probabilidades ya que no suman 1 y pueden incluso ser negativos (la probabilidades no pueden). Para convertir logits a probabilidades se usa una Softmax layer

Temperature

La temperatura es una constante que se aplica a los logits antes de la transformación de la Softmax layer. Se usa para ajustar la creatividad del modelo y redistribuir la probabilidad de los valores. Una temperatura más alta hace que el modelo sea más creativo ya que aumenta las posibilidades de elegir tokens menos probables.

xychart-beta
  title "Temperatura vs Probabilidad"
  x-axis "Temperatura (T)" [0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5]
  y-axis "Probabilidad" 0 --> 1
  line "P(token1)" [0.9999546, 0.9933071, 0.8807971, 0.7310586, 0.6224593, 0.5498340]
  line "P(token2)" [0.0000454, 0.0066929, 0.1192029, 0.2689414, 0.3775407, 0.4501660]

Ejemplos de temperaturas:

  • Low (0.2-0.3): El modelo es cauto y elige las palabras más probables. Output factual y predecible.
  • Medium (0.5-0.7): Un mix de confiabilidad y engagement
  • High (0.9-1.0): Toma riesgos y es impredecible

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Scrapy (Python web crawler)

Scrapy is a web-scrapper & crawler.

Concepts

spider: class that you define and scrapy uses to scrape information from a website (our a group of websites). They must define the initial requests to make, optionally how to follow links in the pages and how to parse the content to extract data

item pipeline: after an item has been crawled by a spider, it’s sent to the item pipeline which processes it through several components that are executed sequentially. You can use them, for example, to save items to a database

How to use

# create a new project
scrapy startproject your_project_name  

# after writing a spider, it starts the crawl
scrapy crawl quotes

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React JS

JavaScript library for building user interfaces. Created by Facebook.

Yarn

JavaScript package manager compatible with npm that helps automate the process of installing, updating, configuring, and removing npm packages.

Install

# add Yarn repository
curl -sS https://dl.yarnpkg.com/debian/pubkey.gpg | sudo apt-key add -  

echo "deb https://dl.yarnpkg.com/debian/ stable main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/yarn.list  

sudo apt-get update  
sudo apt-get install nodejs yarn  
yarn --version # verify

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Programming Templates

Which problem does it solve?

  1. Whenever I started a new project, I would spend the first few days setting everything up - Java11 (.NET with c# nowadays), maven configuration, docker, microservices communication, databases config etc. This process took way too much time.

  2. When learning a new programming language or framework, by the time I needed to use it, I had often forgotten how to set everything up. This approach saves me time in the long run and forces me to really learn how to use the new technology.

  3. For technical tests during job hunting, it allows me to save time and focus entirely on the code challenge.

Github Repository

Jekyll

Jekyll is a blog-aware static site generator, written in Ruby. It’s used for Github Pages and it transforms files written in markdown and liquid into a full HTML web.

Installation

Pre-requirements

sudo apt-get install ruby-full build-essential zliblg-dev
sudo gem install jekyll bundler

Configuration

The basic config is under _config.yml

# shows any config mishap
bundle exec jekyll doctor

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Docker best practices

List of things to do, to improve your Docker experience

Never map the public port on a DockerFile

If you map it, you’ll only be able to have one instance of this container running. If the user wants to map the port, he’ll be able to do it in a compose script or with -p option.

# public and private mapping
EXPOSE 80:8080 # don't do this

# private mapping
EXPOSE 80

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Docker, DockerFiles and docker-compose

TODO: Working docker-compose and DockerFile examples to complement this information Interesting tool to analyze custom Image layers size

Basic Definitions

Image Executable package that includes everything needed to run an application. It consists of read-only layers, each of which represent a DockerFile instruction. The layers are stacked and each one is a delta of changes from the previous layer.
Container Instance of an image.

Stack Defines the interaction of all the services
Services Image for a microservice which defines how containers behave in production

DockerFile File with instructions that allows us to build upon an already existing image. It defines:

  • the base image to build from
  • our own files to use or append
  • the commands to run

At the end, a DockerFile will form a service, which we may call from docker-compose or standalone with docker build.

DockerFiles vs docker-compose A DockerFile is used when managing a single individual container. docker-compose is used to manage an application, which may be formed by one or more DockerFiles. Docker-compose may also be used as support to input large customization options, which otherwise would be parameters in a really long command.

You can do everything docker-compose does with just docker commands and a lot of shell scripting

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Git advanced

Config

  • see config git config -l
  • modify username git config --global user.name "newName"
  • modify email git config --global user.mail "new@mail.com"

Git bisect

Is a tool to find the exact commit where a bug was introduced.

Usage

I have a file with the following content and an obvious bug

Row row row your car at the river

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HateOAS

Rest levels

Model of restful maturity used to help explain the specific properties of a web-style system.

Level 0

The starting point for the model is using HTTP as a transport system for remote interactions, but without using any of the mechanisms of the web.
We publish a document on how to use our API. We declare only one endpoint and do all the communication through this endpoint.

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